Shiva Mills Ltd. कंपली की लेखा नीति

Mar 31, 2025

C Material Accounting Policies

The material accounting policies applied by the Company in the preparation of its financial statements are listed below.
These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.

1.1 Inventories

Inventories are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of raw materials, Packing materials, Stores and Spares
and consumables are valued at Cost on weighted average cost basis. Value of finished goods are valued at cost or Net
Realisable Value (NRV) whichever is lower and work-in-progress are determined on weighted average cost basis and include
appropriate share of overheads.

1.2 Property, plant and equipment

The cost of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price net of any trade discounts and rebates, any import
duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable from the tax authorities), any directly attributable
expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use. Expenditure incurred after the property, plant and equipment
have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected
to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and
the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss. Property, plant and equipment except
freehold land held for use in the production, supply or administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less
accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Depreciation commences when the assets are ready for their intended use. Depreciation is recognized so as to write off the
cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives,
using straight-line method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.

The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its Property, Plant and Equipment.

The Company reviews the residual value, useful lives and depreciation method annually and, if expectations differ from
previous estimates, the change is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate on a prospective basis.

Investment Property

Investment property is a property, held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for use in the production
or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business. Investment properties
(if any), are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties
are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss. All other repair and maintenance costs
are recognised in Statement of profit and loss as incurred. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide
depreciation on its Investment Property:

1.3 Revenue Recognition

a) Sale of goods

Revenue from customers is recognised when the Company satisfies performance obligation when control of goods is
transferred to the customer which is usually on despatch or delivery. Revenue is measured based on transaction price
adjusted for volume based price discount, price concessions and net off returns.

b) Sale of services

The Company recognises revenue when the significant terms of the arrangement are enforceable, services have been
rendered and the collectability is reasonably assured.

c) Other operating revenue

Other operating revenue comprising of income from ancillary activities incidental to the operations of the Company
and is recognised when the right to receive the income is established.

1.4 Other income
Interest

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the
Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis by reference to
the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable.

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Mar 31, 2024

C Material Accounting Policies

The material accounting policies applied by the Company in the preparation of its financial statements are listed below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.

1.1 Inventories

Inventories are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of raw materials, Packing materials, Stores and Spares and consumables are valued at Cost on weighted average cost basis. Value of finished goods are valued at cost or Net Realisable Value (NRV) whichever is lower and work-in-progress are determined on weighted average cost basis and include appropriate share of overheads.

1.2 Property, plant and equipment

The cost of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price net of any trade discounts and rebates, any import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable from the tax authorities), any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use. Expenditure incurred after the property, plant and equipment have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss. Property, plant and equipment except freehold land held for use in the production, supply or administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Depreciation commences when the assets are ready for their intended use. Depreciation is recognized so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using straight-line method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.

The Company reviews the residual value, useful lives and depreciation method annually and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate on a prospective basis.

Investment Property

Investment property is a property, held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or sale in the ordinary course of business. Investment properties (if any), are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in Statement of profit and loss as incurred. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its Investment Property:

1.3 Revenue Recognition

a) Sale of goods

Revenue from customers is recognised when the Company satisfies performance obligation when control of goods is transferred to the customer which is usually on despatch or delivery. Revenue is measured based on transaction price adjusted for volume based price discount, price concessions and net off returns.

b) Sale of services

The Company recognises revenue when the significant terms of the arrangement are enforceable, services have been rendered and the collectability is reasonably assured.

c) Other operating revenue

Other operating revenue comprising of income from ancillary activities incidental to the operations of the Company and is recognised when the right to receive the income is established.

1.4 Other income Interest

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable.

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Mar 31, 2018

1. Significant Accounting Policies

This note provides a list of the significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.

1.1 Basis of accounting and preparation of financial statements

(i) Compliance with Ind AS

The financial statements comply in all material aspects with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act) [Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015] and other relevant provisions of the Act.The financial statements up to year ended March 31 2017 were prepared in accordance with the accounting standards notified under Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006 (as amended) and other relevant provisions of the Act.These financial statements are the first financial statements of the company under Ind AS. Refer note 33 for an explanation of how the transition from previous GAAP to Ind AS has affected the company’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows.

(ii) Historical cost convention

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following:

(a) certain financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value and

(b) defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value

2.2 Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The board of directors of the Company assesses the financial performance and position of the Company, and makes strategic decisions. The board of directors has been identified as being the chief operating decision maker.

2.3 Use of estimates

In the application of the Company’s accounting policies, the directors of the Company are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

The following are the key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period that may have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.

a. Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This assessment may result in change in the depreciation expense in future periods.

b. Employee Benefits

The cost of defined benefit plans are determined using actuarial valuations. The actuarial valuation involves making assumptions about discount rates, expected rates of return on assets, future salary increases, mortality rates and future pension increases. Due to the long-term nature of these plans, such estimates are subject to significant uncertainty.

2.4 Inventories

Inventories are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of raw materials, Packing materials, Stores and Spares and consumables are valued at Cost on weighted average cost basis. Value of finished goods and work-in-progress are determined on weighted average cost basis and include appropriate share of overheads.

2.5 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and demand deposits with banks other than deposits pledged with government authorities and margin money deposits.

Cash and cash equivalent in the Balance Sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value. Bank borrowings are generally considered to be financing activities. However, where bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand form an integral part of an entity’s cash management, bank overdrafts are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents. A characteristic of such banking arrangements is that the bank balance often fluctuates from being positive to overdrawn.

2.6 Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) before extraordinary items and tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.

2.7 Taxes on income

a) Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from ''profit before tax’ as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company’s current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted and are applicable as at the end of the reporting period. In the absence of adequate taxable profits, the Company is required to pay Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) on the book profits, as adjusted for certain provisions.

b) Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

MAT paid in accordance with the tax laws, if any, which gives future economic benefits in the form of adjustment to future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal tax. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as a deferred tax asset in the Balance sheet when it is highly probable that future economic benefit associated with it will flow to the Company.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

c) Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognised in the Statement of profit and loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

2.8 Property, plant and equipment

The cost of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price net of any trade discounts and rebates, any import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable from the tax authorities), any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use, including relevant borrowing costs for qualifying assets and any expected costs of decommissioning. Expenditure incurred after the property, plant and equipment have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the costs are incurred. Major shut-down and overhaul expenditure is capitalised as the activities undertaken improves the economic benefits expected to arise from the asset.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.

Property, plant and equipment except freehold land held for use in the production, supply or administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Freehold land and leasehold land where the lease is convertible to freehold land under lease agreements at future dates at no additional cost, are not depreciated.

Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as owned assets. However, when there is no reasonable certainty that ownership will be obtained by the end of the lease term, assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives.

Capital work-in-progress:

Projects under which assets are not ready for their intended use and other capital work-in-progress are carried at cost , comprising direct cost and related incidental expenses.

Depreciation commences when the assets are ready for their intended use. Depreciable amount for assets is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its estimated residual value. Depreciation is recognized so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using straight-line method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013

The Company reviews the residual value, useful lives and depreciation method annually and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate on a prospective basis.

2.9 Leases

a Where the company is Lessee:

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the lessor are recognised as operating leases. Lease rentals for non-cancellable leases are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the period of lease where the lease payments are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation.

b Where the company is Lessor:

Lease income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognised in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the expected inflationary cost increases. The respective leased assets are included in the balance sheet based on their nature.

2.10 Revenue recognition a Sale of goods

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the goods are dispatched/delivered and titles have passed, at which time all the following conditions are satisfied:

- the Company has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods;

- the Company retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree associated with ownership nor effective control over goods sold;

- the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

- it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company; and

- the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably

b Sale of services

The Company recognises revenue when the significant terms of the arrangement are enforceable, services have been delivered and the collectability is reasonably assured.

c Other operating revenue

-Income incidental to exports such as income from import entitlement and premium on sale of such entitlement are recognised when there is a reasonability of collection

-Income from windmills denotes income earned by sale or transfer of electricity to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board and the income accrued for which billing is pending.

2.11 Other income Interest

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable.

Dividend

Dividend Income from investments is recognised when the shareholder’s right to receive payment has been established (provided that it is probable that economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably).

2.12 Employee benefits

Employee benefits include provident fund, employee state insurance, gratuity fund and compensated absences.

a. Retirement benefit costs and termination benefits

Payments to defined contribution Retirement Benefit Plans are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered service entitling them to the contributions.

For defined benefit Retirement Benefit Plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period. Remeasurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Remeasurement recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Past service cost is recognised in profit or loss in the period of a plan amendment. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

b. Defined benefit costs are categorised as follows:

-service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses on curtailments and settlements);

-net interest expense or income; and

-remeasurement

For defined benefit plan, in the form of gratuity fund, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur. The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost, as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to past service cost, plus the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the scheme. The gratuity fund is maintained with Life Insurance Corporation of India.

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ''Employee benefits expenses’. Curtailment gains and losses are accounted for as past service costs.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company’s defined benefit plan. Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plans or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

A liability for a termination benefit is recognised at the earlier of when the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of the termination benefit and when the entity recognises any related restructuring costs.

Short-term and other long term employee benefits

A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, annual leave and sick leave in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of short term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognised in respect of other long term employee benefits are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

2.13 Foreign currency transactions and translations

(i) Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (''the functional currency’). The financial statements are presented in Indian rupee (INR), which is the Company''s functional and presentation currency.

(ii) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognised in profit or loss.

Foreign exchange differences regarded as an adjustment to borrowing costs are presented in the statement of profit and loss, within finance costs. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement of profit and loss on a net basis within other gains/(losses).

2.14 Borrowings and Borrowing cost

Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognised in the income statement over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest rate method. Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

Interest income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation. All other borrowing costs are recognised in statement of profit and loss in the period in which they are incurred.

2.15 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit / (loss) after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit / (loss) after tax as adjusted for dividend, interest and other charges to expense or income relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

2.16 Provisions and contingencies

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past events and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance Sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. Contingent liabilities are disclosed in the Notes.

2.17 Financial Instruments

All financial instruments are recognised initially at fair value. Transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset (other than financial assets recorded at fair value through profit or loss) are included in the fair value of the financial assets. Purchase or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trade) are recognised on trade date. While, financial liabilities like loans and borrowings and payables are recognised net of directly attributable transaction costs.

For the purpose of subsequent measurement, financial instruments of the Company are classified in the following categories: non-derivative financial assets comprising amortised cost, debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI), equity instruments at FVTOCI or fair value through profit and loss account (FVTPL) and financial liabilities at amortised cost or FVTPL.

The classification of financial instruments depends on the objective of the business model for which it is held. Management determines the classification of its financial instruments at initial recognition.

1) Non-derivative financial assets

(i) Financial assets at amortised cost

A financial asset shall be measured at amortised cost if both of the following conditions are met:

(a) the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and

(b) the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.

They are presented as current assets, except for those maturing later than 12 months after the reporting date which are presented as non-current assets. Financial assets are measured initially at fair value plus transaction costs and subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment loss.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or where appropriate, a shorter period, to the gross carrying amount on initial recognition.

Financial assets at amortised cost are represented by trade receivables, security deposits, cash and cash equivalents, employee and other advances and eligible current and non-current assets.

Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL. Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the "Other Income” line item.

2) Equity instruments at FVTOCI

All equity instruments are measured at fair value. Equity instruments held for trading is classified as FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in the fair value in OCI. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis.

If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividend are recognised in OCI which is not subsequently recycled to statement of profit and loss.

3) Financial assets at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for financial assets. Any financial asset which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortised cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as FVTPL

In addition the Company may elect to designate the financial asset, which otherwise meets amortised cost or FVOCI criteria, as FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ''Other income’ line item. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognised when the Company’s right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

4) Derecognition of financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognises its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognise the financial asset and also recognises a collateralised borrowing for the proceeds received.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss that had been recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity is recognised in profit or loss if such gain or loss would have otherwise been recognised in profit or loss on disposal of that financial asset.

On derecognition of a financial asset other than in its entirety (e.g. when the Company retains an option to repurchase part of a transferred asset), the Company allocates the previous carrying amount of the financial asset between the part it continues to recognise under continuing involvement, and the part it no longer recognises on the basis of the relative fair values of those parts on the date of the transfer. The difference between the carrying amount allocated to the part that is no longer recognised and the sum of the consideration received for the part no longer recognised and any cumulative gain or loss allocated to it that had been recognised in other comprehensive income is recognised in profit or loss if such gain or loss would have otherwise been recognised in profit or loss on disposal of that financial asset. A cumulative gain or loss that had been recognised in other comprehensive income is allocated between the part that continues to be recognised and the part that is no longer recognised on the basis of the relative fair values of those parts.

5) Non-derivative financial liabilities

(i) Financial liabilities at amortised cost

Financial liabilities at amortised cost represented by borrowings, trade and other payables are initially recognized at fair value, and subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method.

(ii) Financial liabilities at FVTPL

Financial liabilities at FVTPL are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any interest paid on the financial liability and is included in the ''Finance costs’ line item. The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or they expire. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised and the consideration paid and payable is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss.

For financial liabilities that are denominated in a foreign currency and are measured at amortised cost at the end of each reporting period, the foreign exchange gains and losses are determined based on the amortised cost of the instruments and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. The fair value of financial liabilities denominated in a foreign currency is determined in that foreign currency and translated at the spot rate at the end of the reporting period. For financial liabilities that are measured as at FVTPL, the foreign exchange component forms part of the fair value gains or losses and is recognised in profit or loss.

(iii) Derecognition of non-derivative financial liabilities

The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired. An exchange between with a lender of debt instruments with substantially different terms is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. Similarly, a substantial modification of the terms of an existing financial liability (whether or not attributable to the financial difficulty of the debtor) is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised and the consideration paid and payable is recognised in profit or loss.

2.18 Impairment

(a) Financial Assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss. The Company follows ''simplified approach'' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivable.The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If in subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.

Lifetime ECLs are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12-months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive(i.e. all shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

i) All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension etc.) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.

(ii) Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

As practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss on portfolio of its trade receivable. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivable and is adjusted for forward-looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historically observed default rates are updated and changes in forward-looking estimates are analysed.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognised during the year is recognised as income/expense in the statement of profit and loss. The balance sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

Financial assets measured at amortised cost, contractual revenue receivable: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

(b) Non-financial assets

The Company assesses at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that a non financial asset or a group of non financial assets is impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the amount of impairment loss.

An impairment loss is calculated as the difference between an asset’s carrying amount and recoverable amount. Losses are recognised in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account. When the Company considers that there are no realistic prospects of recovery of the asset, the relevant amounts are written off. If the amount of impairment loss subsequently decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, then the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.

The recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit (as defined below) is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets (the "cash-generating unit”).

2.19 Government grants

Grants from the government are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that:(i) the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them; and(ii) the grant will be received.

Government grants related to revenue are recognised on a systematic basis in the statement of profit and loss over the periods necessary to match them with the related costs which they are intended to compensate. Such grants are deducted in reporting the related expense. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income over the expected useful life of the asset.

Where the Company receives non-monetary grants, the asset is accounted for on the basis of its acquisition cost. In case a nonmonetary asset is given free of cost it is recognised at a fair value. When loan or similar assistance are provided by government or related institutions, with an interest rate below the current applicable market rate, the effect of this favourable interest is recognized as government rate. The loan or assistance is initially recognized and measured at fair value and the government grant is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received.

2.20 Operating cycle

Based on the nature of products / activities of the Company and the normal time between acquisition of assets and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents, the Company has determined its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of classification of its assets and liabilities as current and non-current.